Example of skill and technique of the canvas (Fig.) : Make the outline skill and technique | Demonstrate one | -Contract Mead of Richard department draws the human body
Demonstrate one: The scribbling thinly of unicolor light and shade tune
Can find out, mine is about " hit the outline " from the following four demonstration works Definition different from definition on the dictionary,definitions on it is in dictionary " there is outline sketch maps without details coarse" ,And mine is that " the necessary detail, describe the wide sketch map accurately " .
While hitting the outline, I pay attention to accuracy and detail very much. A manuscript can be drawn vividly naturally, very accurate. That statement that thought to notices the accuracy of the length, form and color will influence the brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy to be vivid is without good grounds. Draw the more accurately at the beginning, heal and can produce the successful works. But this plain reason is often forgotten or ignored.
I draw the true man size the human body to draw at student age, meet all sorts of complicated problems, have made all sorts of mistakes. Can't understand a picture later it is done by a wielding of the brush, must draw stroke by stroke, and the best brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy should be beginning from describing most obvious light and shade relation, form and color of targets. Each of color area, I whose target always has the darkest dark department, bright part, shade or a geometirc shape draw these first somely, because they are the most obvious, easy to draw accurately. Accurate part these draw more at the beginning, later just easy to deal with easy difficult position that know those.
This has been demonstrated since multi-level hitting the outline, by scribbling in France transparently unicolorly and thinly. Paint one adjust with turpentine oil a thin one familiar to add abaiser middle tune while being brown on canvas first. Then draw all the target's light and shade tone down, want a bit more on tune of the picture to add some more turpentine oil, draw a bit more darkly adding some fewer. The manuscript drawn out like this approaches the monochrome, connect and process slightly, do not almost use color. The demonstration can beginner learn, use tone level, let them obtain perceptual knowledge in wielding the pen.
This kind makes a draft the method has some minor defects too. It is not very convenient to draw the small size picture. Draw true man should avoid using this kind of method when the 1/3 of the loud pictures ' This demonstration works are 20x30 inch) . In addition, this kind of method procedure is tedious, it is oppressive to draw.
But unicolor light and shade tune thin to scribble law for prominent advantage their, draw complicated target very and draw difficult posture that know those, its advantage is more obvious. First, because it is unicolor, can go all out to solve sketch and composition problem during the course of making a draft, do not need to take color into account. Second, until a thin one thin to paint law can go on, revise repeatedly very, can appear general canvas become disorderly, filthy defect because of altering too many. Solve problems such as the sketch, tone and sideline,etc. during the course of making a draft, gather in the color and structure later, it is much more relaxed.
The first step: Will adjust and formate a little warm middle tune familiarly and brownly and abaiserly, should rely mainly on familiar and brown, it makes it thin, transparent to put into turpentine oil, scribble on canvas of whole with the big bristles pen (use the canvas of the medium-sized coarse intensity) ,Then draw the darkest area of the human body - -Hair. Draw hair want, spend thick color a bit, transfer contract the middle of kind transfer, add a bit less turpentine oil the period of the day from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m., the hair has covered the whole face, but it should be able to express the strong expression of the picture middleman. I regard sending one the hair as to deal with, the dark tone of a definite size and form that and deal with it. Even at the beginning, value and sketch should strive to make the picture accurate. It is some to draw an accurate one, and then draw allowing another one is some. It is interrelated to be some one by one, will influence the others once drawing noing in part, the whole situation can't be controlled.
The second step: This step should clearly draw the human image out. Wipe some original tune along the human arm and upper surface of knee arched with the soft cloth first, cause the bright level. Shank and back used in the bristles pen and stretch out are wiped a little more, cause the bright level, make the whole arm form middle tune. Can turpentine oil change tune dip in with clean soft leftover of bolt of cloth or pen, absolutely can't use a opaque one pale during the course of making the outline. At this stage, the sideline question is as important as value, sketch. From top on the shoulder to the wrist, and these sidelines that cross the knee spread are all quite obvious, not so obvious from axillary to the sideline on the bottom flange of this section of arms of wrist bottom, these are not accidental phenomenon.
The third step: Draw all main bright departments on the human body. The head, arm, shoulder and knee curved do not move them temporarily, on in development in the underpart, buttock, that foot drawn in and shank stretched out of the truck first The position original color layer already dry, can dip in, have with soft cloth turpentine oil wipe it. Other parts seem fuzzy, but remain accurate. Except having a very bright part finally, tune and form are all correct, the position is appropriate too.
The fourth step, this is the last step making a draft, all details on the organization of human body have already possessed. This begins picture prospect. Dip in turpentine oil to daub with the soft cloth first, make it carry only. Familiar and brown and abaiser with rich horizontal brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy one adjust with turpentine oil a thin one familiar and brown and abaiser w and then, make it have sense of flowing. Then the background is drawn on both sides of the human body by same method. Human body following brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy take soft, this come picture horizontal brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy with clean your name flat pen soon. Pay special attention to human body, prospect's or background's exposed to the interaction of those clean cut sideline and fuzzy sideline of outline in the placing. And overlap some interaction of those sidelines on the human body. For example, in the low dark department of arm. Use the tune of the strokes of a Chinese character of big taper, and then sweep with the very brief technique of writing by clean doing the bristles pen, make the upper flange of this tune fuzzy. The bottom flange of this tune is the projection on two shanks of arm in fact. Sweep on still moist color lightly the big clean taper pen, make this sideline soft, cross thigh and shank to draw down, until that thigh that is stretched. In this way the sideline is getting empty.
The fifth step: Before beginning to use the opaque pigment, continue doing technique of writing swept with the fourth step of that kinds, the edge of the hair, bottom flange and bottom of thigh drawing close of the leg stretched are softened. And a double-legged one line paint, pass by sideways along knee that arch with dark tune with medium size flat bristles pen, sideline that causes the outline obvious. Deal with by same method too the sideline where other outlines are obvious. Then, begin to use the opaque pigment, knee head and shoulder since joining begin first, because these places will be the brightest bright department, the dark-coloured lumps of they and hair stand side by side together, make up the focus of this picture. Become skin tone of the bright department with colour of loess, brown red and white tone, and then add jade green or cobalt and draw the high light bluely. The darkest dark department uses abaiser and familiar and reddish brown. While drawing main position described above, I fix tune and style of the picture color of whole immediately. Like while making a draft, start writing or painting as correct as possible. So as not to revise and do over again.
The sixth step, paint by way of all kinds of. On the forearm, the swollen bone position of shoulder of triceps and back, use the heavy and flat brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy. In the middle of the thigh that is lifting, knee and chest, basically use the palette knife. Under the arm, between thigh and foot lifted, and these dark departments behind of the pelvis, use the thin and transparent pigment. In the course of processing entirely, it is very important to keep the transparency of the dark department. The strong opaque bright department interacts with the strong transparent dark department, bring the three-dimensional effect to human body. During the course of processing, blow to go with palette knife arm following dark spot of department gently, these dazzling spots are that thick horizontal brush strokes in Chinese painting and calligraphy took shape on the coarse surface structure of the canvas. In addition, those ugly brush strokes in Chinese painting and calligraphy will be got a bit more smoothly the buttock and shank stretched out with badger writing brush. Badger writing brush and ermine writing brush can form the soft brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy beautiful, but will present the weak and fluffy bad result often, must notice while using.
The human body finishing finally: The canvas of the cloth cover, 20 " * 30 "s. Devoted to dealing with the sideline again during the course of finishing. Transfer in the obvious place in physique, if can the knee top lifted, the sideline is a bit clearer; Under the circumstances that physique transfers in the round in the blunt place such as the thigh that the inboard lifts and left reason of the hair and background converge the place, the sideline is a bit fuzzier. And depend on that foot that is disturbed on the shoulder, by applying France thick (i.e. pile up on the surface with the thick pigment) . In the prospect part, is especially the place where close to that foot, used in the chapped law (i.e. shoulder a small amount of pigment not diluted by clean doing the bristles pen, move at the picture crosswise and wipe over, enable and adhere to the surface structure to the canvas) . Above head and shoulder, by wiping France thinly(i.e. shoulder a small amount of pigment with the bristles pen, rub on the picture, a thin and smooth layer) until taking shape . The red cloth behind human body, use the dense pigment, swipe with the palette knife. Compared with sixth step last stage and the fifth step, can find out the original technique of writing is scarcely confounded. The background is still transparent, the place that daubed turpentine oil originally has not changed, this is a natural result pursued. Some turpentine oil coatings of background are very thin, easy to damage, so will put for two weeks and dehumidify it after finishing drawing. After the thick part of pigment is dry too, spray and polish pharmaceutical to protect. Drier three to six months, have the light in then the whole picture.

Painting skill and method
Frustrate
It frustrates to be root clan pen painted method to use oil painting brush, according to do, frustrate, work up then mention slightly start writing or painting, if to go against sharp point competent pen calligraphy, vigorous and durable. Dip in and fetch the difference of colors with nib and pen root, with producing many kinds of changes and interesting according to the weight direction of the pen.
Strike
The skill and technique that is dipped in the color with the wide oil painting brush or segmental pen, patted on the picture gently is called striking. Patting can produce certain wave skin texture, not very obvious, and unlikely to be too simple, can also deal with originally too strong brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy or color, make it weaken.
Rub
It refers to holding directly with the pen the method to shut of two or several kinds of different colors on the picture to rub, the color holds and shuts, produces natural mixing to change, obtain delicate and distinct color and light and shade contrast, and can play and been and cross the function connected.
Line
Line refer to with lines that pen delineate, canvas collude line spend soft sharp main threads of fine long hair generally, but in different styles, button head, shape of the school and old flat pen can also delineate the simple and honest lines appearing like the strong centre of similar book. The painting between east and west all use thread model at the beginning, usually all make a draft in the picture of refueling early with the accurate and rigorous outline, it is to form the light and shade main means to bank up with earth and draw and arrange line law in the skill and technique frankly. The western canvas does not develop into to take the value and body head as the core until later, however, the factor of the centre line of canvas has never disappeared too. Very thin, bold and unconstrained. Regardless of carefully and neatly or at will and interlock in various lines stacked and use repeatedly, make the canvas language more abundant, the treatment of sideline of different physique is very important. Eastern painting has influenced a lot of western modern masters' style too with the thread, for instance Matisse, Van Gogh, Picasso, Miro and Kelly,etc. are all past masters who uses the thread.
Sweep
Sweep to connect two color lumps bordered on dailily, make it not very stiff, taking the advantage that the color has not been done can achieve this purpose when being swept and plundered gently with the clean segmental pen. Can also sweep, get on, come, produce up and down interlocking, becoming flexible with pen another color at ground floor color but oiliness extremely color result.
Stamp
Mean that dips in the color with the hard bristles painting brush, stamps the pigment on the picture vertically with the head of the pen. The method to stamp is not very commonly used, usually only just application when the part need special skin texture.
Emulsion material
Emulsion material one with long history outstanding traditional material, in modern to receive new development. The emulsion type material is and concurrently mixed material which contains the swimming skill and oily composition, the advantage of the two has both at the same time too. Various bank up with earth and draw painting material such as egg color, junket colors and waxy materials frankly belongs to emulsion series. The emulsion material can dilute with water, it is dry and fast, similar swimming skill material; Can make and scribble opaque and thick, insoluble in water after doing, have advantage of the oily material. Characteristic that all kinds of modern propylene, ethylene have formated the pigment etc. and already kept the traditional emulsion material, possess the strong point of the oily material again, and there is result that other materials can't be substituted, it is the new materials with very big development prospect.
Oily material
Use oily material and natural resin draw as painting media pharmaceutical kind canvas mainly, it and made emulsion type materials such as albumens,etc. to develop and develop by the traditional egg color. The characteristic of the oily material is dry and slow, glossy and can be covered and scribbled thick repeatedly. The oily material has strong expression and abundant result of skill and technique, we can say that nearly forgives all other materials and draws the characteristic of skill and technique planted. The characteristic of the oily material allows to deepen the model of portraying the target slightly, can demonstrate target enrich lifelike color relation, accord with people reproduce vision actual hope since the 14 century, have promoted western painting to the process of development of writing or painting realistically. After the canvas was born - Occupy the main position in the western painting circles straight, and is developed in the range of whole world, this has proved the superiority of the oily material too. The transition from swimming skill material to oily material is a long change course, nearly go through thousands of years, it is the great breakthrough in painting material skill and technique and even art history. The use of the oil and resin is one of the important characteristics making the western painting material skill and technique different from the eastern painting material skill and technique.
Draw
It means that it is the side of the sword or glass to need to draw strong lines and edge of object in the canvas sometimes such as drawing etc. to draw, can be by drawing the knife and adjusting the color well, pulling out the color on the picture the line of color or color with one side of cutting edge at this moment, the physique of painting the knife, painting, producing is solid and definite, is a painting brush or other methods are difficult to reach.
Wipe
It is to move the painting brush crosswise and lie, wipe in the picture drum to wipe with the belly of the painting brush, go on, can form the brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy not very obvious, it is a commonsense method which paves the color of ground floor too. Can draw and is similar to the traditional Chinese Painting to fly the white result on the bottom of doing or skin texture rising and falling with the technique of writing wiped, make the skin texture of ground floor more obvious.
Restrain
It is that the bottom surface of using one hundred sheets is mentioned to restrain after being pressed on wet color layer downwards gently, the surface of color will produce the special skin texture. By can reach the nticipated result to restrain the skill and techniqueing in some places to need to portray the special feel.
Swimming skill material
The pigment that the mankind used first is relying mainly on water soluble material. It is very natural to use natural materials such as water, gum or animal glue,etc. as diluent agent of the pigment and binder while painting in early days spontaneously, it is convenient for them to draw materials, simple to use, this is identical in early painting between east and west. Water colour of today and pigment of the soaked bean-noodles,etc. are all media type of swimming skill, it displays the skill and technique freely, smoothly, can produce the brisk, transparent result, it is a main material type of eastern painting that Chinese painting, Japan draw,etc. too.
Canvas material
The canvas material can be divided into basal material, oil colour and media pharmaceutical material three big classes. The basal material means that bears the weight of the backing material of layer of pigment of painting and bottom coating. The oil colour is color of expressing painting directly while drawing and main material of the skin texture result. Used for media pharmaceutical material adjust by pigment property and last their with material various diluent agent that conbine togethers basal, last pharmaceutical and at pharmaceuticals mere,etc..
Build
The method to build is to replace the painting brush with the knife, like the tiler surrounds the mud dust and builds the color to the canvas like that with the trowel, leave the tool marks directly. There can be different thickness levels to change by method that is built, size and form and using the direction of one hundred sheets with producing the abundant contrast of. By drawing the knife and transfers different colors and does not concoct too much, Ren Qi can produce the delicate color relation to mix on the picture naturally. Rise and fall too big color layer can also use method that build make step their flat. The method to build if use is apt, there is very strong sense of moulding
Row
Draw, mean, portray, appear with edge of a knife to draw overcast lines and shape can emerge ground floor come on by color sometimes at color that does not do. Different picture knife can produce depth thickness becoming, touching with penning of painting brush picture form some, line, Taxi to skin texture change rising and falling the one hundred sheetses of color that skill and technique of profit produce different
Click
Since some all laws and some beginning, all techniques of writing set out clicking. In the classical banks up with earth and draws the skill and technique frankly, some techniques of painting are - important skill and technique of one kind of behavior levels. The brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy used a bit too in linking the works of Mil displays all glimmering and object texture. Some color technique of writing become essential feature their one of when the impressionist, but Monet, Renaud A and Bi Sha some laws of Luo,etc. have different changes and distinctions each. The new impressionist moves towards the extreme, machinery will be regarded as its only technique of writing. Modern to write or paint realistically canvas have, continue to use, come, emerge light and shade level with density that order too, can cause the transition not certainly inflexible. The method to click and combines with the lines honourably and can produce the abundant contrast in the comprehensive technique of painting, can produce the brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy of some different forms with different forms and oil painting brush of the texture, can play a unique role in displaying the feel of some objects.
Shave
Shave the basic use that is the canvas, the method to shave is generally to shave the part drawn unsatisfactorily on the picture with the cutting edge, can also shave the unnecessary detail or weaken the overly strong relation with the knife, let the picture relation which seem tense be relaxed. Long-term homework need, blow, go in order to being in time dry some color of picture this with knife often at the end of homework of one day, wait to continue the picture the next day. Can also be by drawing one hundred sheets or shaving the not smooth place of the level of handle of a knife to level some after the color is done. Can also shave on color layer done with the knife, make it show bottom to manifest various skin textures.
Scribble
Some technique of painting and delineate law to form canvas some and means of line, apply and just form body of canvas, i.e. the main method of Taxi. Method that scribble have, scribble, not thick to scribble and not thin to scribble while being flat, have, call not scattered to paint some color law of impressionist too. Scribble, draw large area color main method of lump while being flat, a even one it scribbles to be getting ornamental daily skill and technique of canvas too while being flat. Thick to scribble it is canvas that different from, draw kinds of main characteristic their to use pen while being other - ,Can make the pigment produce certain thickness and leave the obvious brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy and forming skin texture. By drawing the pigment with extremely thick handle of a knife and shaving to or crowding the pigment on the canvas directly, can be called and piled scribbling. It is that the thin unfertile land spreads the picture after diluting the color with the oil slowly to be thin, can produce the transparent or semitransparent result. Break up and scribble and use pens to seem flexible and changeable, the flavor is vivid. Combine, rub sweep scribble law name, faint, paint even.
Put
Puts the pigment on the canvas and does not call putting more change directly with the pen, it is one of the techniques of writing with basic canvas too to put. The method to like is daily when the canvas begins and finishes, look for color and physique relation with relatively definite color and accurate brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy, it can make the picture change to only need several in the often key place, it can be effective that should have a well-thought-out plan first before certainly starting writing or painting. It is to move the painting brush crosswise and lie, wipe in the picture drum to wipe with the belly of the painting brush, go on, can form the brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy not very obvious, it is a commonsense method which paves the color of ground floor too. Can draw and is similar to the traditional Chinese Painting to fly the white result on the bottom of doing or skin texture rising and falling with the technique of writing wiped, make the skin texture of ground floor more obvious.

School of the canvas
The school of the canvas is divided into two big classes. The first kind is a creative work relying mainly on objective reproducing; The second kind is creative works specializing in displaying subjectively.
Baroque appearing after like the Renaissance in the first kind, Rocco gram, classicism, institute doctrine, romanticism, realism, realism, realism of taking pictures, impressionism to regard reproducing foundation naturally as, display painter's different thoughts and purposes.
Baroque group - -Baroque prevail from the 17th century to the 18th century. " Baroque " A word original meaning can not have neatly, wrenches, weird meaning. Praise highly the distortion of the movement, the plump and quantity sense of physique, its artistic language is strong and overstating, **move, showy, this is that Baroque sends the characteristic of painting, its representative figure is Reubens.
Rocco belong to one gram of groups - -" Rocco overcomes " The original meaning refers to the form of the shell, its artistic style is for being tedious, exquisite, very thin, sweet and oily and prevailing in the 18th century, it have China more on behalf of painter and Furlong ask for cloth Europe,etc..
Classicism and institute's doctrine - -Classicism is by respecting the ancient Greek, Rome aesthetic principle, symmetrical, balanced on the composition, solemn, brilliant, lofty upwards on the imposing manner, the skill and technique is consummate, portray deepening. This is a principle followed of institute's doctrine too. Law contract promise speak " American all goals supreme of work of art, it is a kind of objective property of the things, consist of order, harmony, proportion, rule " . It has Raphael, Angle,etc. on behalf of the writer.
Romanticism - -Romanticism originate from will it be initial stage the 19th century such as France, masterpiece their " plum raft of Sa Du " of Ke in the book, the composition, light, color, trends, expression in this works have all displayed artist's abundant imagination, it has broken the level and vertical in the classical composition, light is soft and even, make the picture produce a kind of passion. This is an important element of romantic painting too, Xuan which pays attention to the emotion is let out and expressed.
Realism - -Realistic painting referred to middle period of the 19th century, the painter headed by Miller maintained by going to display the normal visual image in the target's tactics faithfully, reflect the essence of life. Their masterpieces have " collecting the ear of grain " etc. of Miller.
Realism and realism of taking pictures - -Realism is like what its founder's storehouse shellfish spoke in 1885: "According to what I saw, display the custom in my this era accurately, the thought and its appearance. In short, creating art is my purpose. "
Realism is to bring life up to the picture in the form of a kind of photo type to take pictures, if " John looks like " Closs. It draw works want, make photo or slide first, and then it with enlarge than real National People's Congress 10 times of proportions to the cloth meticulously, demonstrate the target's detail more fine and more smooth, more lifelikely, every silk skin texture and each fine hair on the human body for instance on the face,etc..
Impressionism - -Impressionism is that painters in the 19th century have gone out of one's own studio, go to explore the light and twinkling of an eye of the color change in the nature, has broken the inherent concept in idea of the tradition, such as the tree is blue and green, the shade is black, it has carried on to inherent influence objective drawing of the environmental around. It has Monet, repairs and draws, Cezan, Renaud A etc. on behalf of the painter.
If mentioned above schools of painting painter faithful to reproduce naturally, having just given play to to add it, emphasized and developed, the second big class introduced below, i.e. back impressionism, wild animal school, cubism, futurism, nonobjectivism, surrealism,etc., they are no longer to the true description of the objective target, but carry on freedom to create according to the painter's subjective intention, they mostly appear after the 20th century.
And then impressionism - -The last impressionism painter puts emphasis on displaying oneself and experiencing, pay attention to the contrast of color and inherent structure of things, it has Van Gogh,etc. tall on behalf of the painter. This schools of painting have a far-reaching impact on modern western painting.
Wild animal school - -The wild animal school expresses the inherent passion with exaggerative model, strong color, rough lines, Matisse is the founders of this schools of painting.
Cubism - -The schools of painting of cubism, the view point of the picture has already no longer been a position, but carry on the omni-directional behavior to the things, make the object reduce into geometirc physique. Its founder is Spanish painter Picasso and French painter Brack.
Futurism - -The futurism painter uses color, lines to display movement pace, strength and association and separate in abstract form.
Nonobjectivism - -Nonobjectivism is to depend on lines, one, one, color, have not had the making abstractly up of the elephant, it is fitted for Dutch painter Mond on behalf of the painter.
Dadaism - -Dadaism vs. surrealism that is later on, activity carve, Pop art until behind modernism a certain influence.
Surrealism - -The schools of painting of surrealism receive Bog's intuitionism full of trees and influence of Floyd's subconscious theory, advocate displaying people's subconscious and illusion. Have Spanish painter Dary, Miro on behalf of the painter.

Biref history of the canvas
A lot of people ask us an canvas What kind is it? Ancient European painters, while well versed in and hankering after to bank up with earth and draw painting skill and technique frankly, has found its defect and deficiency gradually, for example: It is difficult to merge and let faint connecting between the colors, color is not soft and only gaudy enough, it is too strenuous that the small pen arranges the line many times, and the apt to be stale and minuent resist the ability of colliding under the moist climatic conditions. In view of this, painters have invented it by painting the light transparently in order to protect the method of the picture. And then someone does multi-layer transparent to cover and dye in banking up with earth and drawing the picture of ground floor frankly, call it, have mere skill or glaze dye law, this form mix skill and technique, one bank up with earth, draw painting skill and technique of canvas also frankly. It banks up oilily with earth and plays painting frankly to reach the fragrant and strange " last dinner ". Reach and carry on numerous research to use to the oily pigment fragrantly and strangely, but technology is not ripe enough, so a lot of works can not be retained.
Who is the inventor of the canvas? Making painting matchmaker pharmaceutical simply with the oil, someone tested in Byzantine era. According to recording, it still won't be dry in several months that this kind of picture is put and tanned by the sun under the burning sun. 1200 year, monk stupid to help Rose write about canvas thesis " diversified art forms " in Fil in Theo, in this thesis, he has introduced oil of flaxseed and operation method of the Arabic resin. Canvas -like painting has appeared in Britain at the end in the 13th century. 14 the end such as century, Buddhist nun two painter of Deland all to love grams of brother (Fan Yang love gram and brother moustache all to love gram Bert have) Have found a simple and convenient melting the method that the pigment draws a picture with the oil, has created the pure canvas. History of art although house can conclude all to love grams of brother inventors of the canvas, but they have found a kind of ideal pharmaceutical of painting matchmaker relying mainly on oil and filled a prescription on the basis that forefathers tested at least. Many experts think their greatest contribution is that have added the natural resin into oil, make pharmaceutical of pen smoothness of conduct, matchmaker done rapidly. Yang " Arno wedding of Pfennig " that Fan like gram draw and he famous work " Ghent sacrificial altar draw " most (hide on holy bar church Feng of city, Ghent of Belgium, now, made up of 23 pictures. )Considered to be the important works of the European canvas development history. Like whom grams of brother invent transfer oil technology, it it is saids to be to spend one " white Burges smooth oil " Until flaxseed oil mix, draw a picture together, mediate he in bank up with them with earth, draw pigment that painting use frankly, it is very effective to find. (some researchers think, " mere oil in white Burges " It is turpentine oil of rectification, we still use turpentine oil to dilute the oil colour now. )Italy studies and knows first painter Anton of the skill and technique of the canvas endures Lip river and reaches Messina (Antonueuo De Messina 1430-1479) It it is saids to be in go Buddhist nun Deland know all to love grams of canvas skill and technique of brother, get back to Venice teach oil colour operation method, kind prevailing to come in Continental Europe as one independent picture canvas this.
Over several hundred years, inheriting by every generation of painters and creation, the canvas gets further development and completion.
The evolution of the canvas has gone through classical, modern, modern several periods, different canvas of period arrange with to restrain artistic thought of times from skill and technique, demonstrate different appearances.

The historical terms of the initial stage of development of canvas have established the inclination of writing or painting realistically of classical canvas. In the European Renaissance in the 15th century, the humanism thought starts from the criticism to the religion, pay close attention to society's realistic positive requirements, a lot of famous painters, in order to get rid of the single creation taking Christianity's classics as subject matter gradually, begin to observe the personage, scenery, article while living at that time and describe directly, make the works of the religious subject matter include and bring the obvious realistic common customs factor, some painters totally describe the outdoor scene of actual life. The painters of times of Renaissance have inherited the artistic ideas of Greece, Rome, not only paying attention to the works should describe a certain incident or fact, the cause and effect of one or fact that but also announce and meet accident, then formed the typical plot of the plot and artistic tactics creating typical characters of paying attention to. Meanwhile, the painter still explores anatomy, light and shade function distributed of application, picture of perspecting learning in painting,etc. respectively, have formed the scientific principle of the model. The model of personage that the application of human anatomy enabled in painting has the accurate proportion, physique, structural relation like being true; The setting-up of the law of perspectivity of focus makes painting form the deep space of the illusion through the composition, the same that experience the vision in the directional twinkling of an eye in scenery and reality in the picture; The object that the light and shade law enables in the picture is under the light that a main light source emits in unison, form the clear level from the close-by examples to those far off. Artistic theme of humanism with pursue naturalistic model idea in draw kind can be complete while being other, it is because of the restriction of the tool material, and the canvas tool material performance is suitable for fully embodying the two. Therefore, what classical canvas becomes made for a long time, highly naturalistic appearance.

Result that classical canvas uses synthetically when on the whole is all language factors of an canvas altogether, but the artist of different country, different period especially pays attention to some one or several factors on this basis, have formed different styles. The Italian painters of times of Renaissance relatively pay attention to the application of the light and shade law, the dark department of the scenery shrouds in the shade in unison in the picture, the light and shade bounded line presents soft transition, brought up the picture centralizedly and the result completely. l.It is the representatives of this style to reach fragrant and strange " the Blessed Virgin Mary among the rock ". The Buddhist nun of the same period painter Deland portrays scenery each detail in the picture clearly, between the scenery is the difference of the color but not light and shade transition, three leaf sacrificial altars of r. Kangping present all scenery inside and outside the room carefully when being drawn and " impregnated and told ". Titian of Italy is the 1st painter who especially pay attention to the color expression of the canvas, he draws a picture on the dark bottom, and the daily lightness is close to, the bright color with slightly different charms forms splendid golden yellow tone, the replying pile many times of transparent pigment, suddenly thick, suddenly thin technique of writing, make color and physique fuse organically again, bring up the feel result.

It was the period that classical canvas of Europe develop rapidly in the 17th century, the painters of different areas, country, according to the social background of one's own life, national makings, carry on a different one dark to explore at canvas language, the kind of the canvas is divided into history drawing, religious story drawing, group portrait, personal portrait, landscape painting, still life, genre painting,etc. according to the subject matter. The skill and technique of the canvas is abundant day by day too, form various countries, school of every area.

In the 17th century some canvas emphasize light of canvas feel, use color changes in temperature compare with, light and shade intensity compare with, thickness level compare creation only felt to go on with, form the dramatic atmosphere of picture. Cara of Italian painter tile Joe break he canvas harmonious light feel the result in order, he strengthens the light and shade contrast on the picture, often sets off the personages with bright prospect with the large stretch of dark department of the background level of picture, make people feel the light is dazzling in the picture. Spanish dose, el. of painter, tabulate Ke deal with, at the mottled smooth shadow scenery, he is not big and honourable from light and shade two, but distributed and carried on the model from the disconnected and straggly value, changes in temperature of color take shape changing continuously disconnected too, use pen to be deep, color aspect ooze, take each other of not pinching, the picture gives somebody a complicated and confusing result, some are even full of the mysterious and uneasy atmosphere. Dutch painter Rembrandt feels a kind of means to regard state of mind which displays people as of the light in the picture too, a large number of personal portrait that he make, personage in heavy pieces of dark department shroud, only display important parts such as the face, hand of the look,etc. and show the distinct luminance. He uses calm color dark one is scribbling multi-layerly and thinly, make the dark department seem deep, draw the bright department by scribbling and drawing the knife and piling color law thick, cause the deep and serious dimension sense.

In the corresponding period, the application of the brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy is laid particular emphasis on exploring by a lot of painters too. The brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy is a trace with sport on the canvas of oil painting brush of the pigment, one layer of thickness of complete pieces of every part of pigment early canvases is more identical, efforts of wielding the pen is even, hardly manifest the brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy. In the 17th century painter notice sport of brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy the mental state and emotion rhythmic driving when creating, painter can produce, control pen emotion to touch tendency while drawing a picture, brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy light serious slow urgent taking exercises direction make, show the vivid sense image that mould not merely, brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy has an artistic expression too. Painter p.p. Reubens uses the full writing which dip in the thin bright color to scribble and paint in numerous jumbo works then in Flanders, wield the pen according to personages' physique, leave freedom boldly and unrestrainedly and presenting more brush strokes in Chinese painting and calligraphy of the curve, have caused the dramatic conflict of working up the tendency and story plot strongly of the figure. Dutch painter f. Halse uses the brisk, flexible brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy to describe portraits, make the portrait have vivid sense that personage's expression has not disappeared, is partial to him and display bold, optimistic personages to complement each other. Another Dutch painter j. links Mil and good at describing the personages indoors of place with brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy in small, broken bits, round like the pearl, make the picture produce the quiet, warm atmosphere.

There were new trends in the 19th century in the development of the canvas, was mainly a change of the color of an canvas. British painter j. Constable paints from life outdoors with the canvas directly initially, obtain abundant color to experience, he uses the tiny brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy and puts the color in the part, enabling its mixing's more distinct lump, the brown tone son with more classical picture is much more bright. Complementary color of color - -The dipolar color of the color wheel can improve the principles of the lightness and intensity each other while putting, known by science later, but Constable relied on obtaining the complementary color principle to the natural observation perceptually, and use partly in practice. His works have inspired the Lip river tile of French painter e. Drach. Drach arranges and creates Lip river tile with the romantic thought, creates the theme by a wide margin to draw according to the historical incident at that time. He applies the complementary color relation to the color created more and behaves, uses the active brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy, a lot of position in the picture forms the contrast of color, has strengthened bright degree and magnificent sense of color, have formed the style of the painting circles at that time of shaking. The French bar carries on the scenery and paints from life under different natural climatic conditions more than a lot of painters of the loose schools of painting, realize the relation among scenery light source colour, inherent and environmental, realize the tone sets off the artistic theme by contrast for reflecting time, environment, atmosphere, form the picture artistic conception and great meaning of the ambience. They are a large amount of particular color atmosphere such as wind, rain, the morning, dusk of creating and drawing the nature of scenery.

On this basis, impressionism, painter of France, uses the respect to make the contribution with innovative significance in color. They have absorbed optics and dyed the achievement of chemistry, only mix the color problem that the principle solve the canvas with color. c.Monet, a. the west fields lying fallow in rotation painter catch other circumstances thing surface light change give color twinkling of an eye impression of somebody then, one that is with in small, broken bits brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy thick to paint law compare color with and put, they realize dark department or shade dark deep or light change, change and draw the traditional practice of the dark department with the single color of mediating, click and put in the dark department and shade position with the color. Because of vision physiological function, put color order in will certainly it looks to be transparent, color lump that prone to changes in temperature from outside, form the delicate transition. Impressionism desalinizes the volume sense of the scenery, strengthen the color factor, no longer rely on value and lines to form the feeling of distance of space, and only reflect the principle according to the color, form the space with the changes in temperature of color. What the works of impressionism have presented unprecedentedly is distinct and vivid, indicate color has the comprehensive one, has a pure expression.

The European canvas in the 19th century has school that clear art advocates, although mainly reflect on artistic theme and content, but corresponding every appearance of skill and technique of canvas. If Neoclassicism pays attention to the rigorous and solid sense of the object model in the canvas, accord with classical and traditional model rule; Romanticism centres on the tragic theme, make every effort to create the tense sense of the plot in the picture with the sport type lines in the color, factor of brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy and composition; Sent and paid attention to the expression of personage's psychological mood in the picture before Raphael, more pictures formed the sad one, quiet artistic conception with blue and green, purple, green tune . Though the appearance of the modern canvas has been already more abundant, have a naturalistic whole characteristic, they are shown as together: An canvas is a entity of the art form, unify the color of every part of picture in homophony of color, some color forms the harmonious relation each other in the gradation zone of the transition, the isolated color lump does not exist; The brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy is basically used for moulding the image, the intensity appearing is limited, and in or long, or a very brief one a certain prone to preface, in song in unison; The object described is unified in the composition of the centre focus, form it with the true result of looking at the isomorphism of land.

Since last years of a century of the 19th century, the fundamental change has taken place in the western canvas. The artistic function that the traditional canvas is narrower and integrated tactics of writing or painting realistically have already reached the high saturation of one's own system, therefore prone to disintegrating during the changes of the philosophy idea, artistic idea. The canvas does not regard imitating art naturally, reproducing naturally as to create the principle again, the canvas artistic image of artist's free structure is considered as the new one truly. The artist no longer describes naturally accurately through the form of the canvas, and regard form of the canvas as and display one's own spirit and emotion world media, in order to method structure works such as imagining, illusion,etc.. Mode of the traditional canvas that three painters after the impressionist take the lead in being abandoned. v.Van Gogh makes strong, bright color full of strong strength senses with the brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy with urgent and bold and unrestrained disease, display uneasiness of heart mood. p.Form the picture for color and model that signify even more high, the space of the works and traditional form are disobeyed, have not mysterious atmosphere of describing nature. p.Cezan visits and grinds and forms the artistic image with the geometirc shape, it is one world rich in one's own order to create the picture. Their works become the sign of oil picture looks drastic change.
Have been formed different schools by different artistic ideas in the canvas in the 20th century, restrain the art form from presenting many kinds of inclination, some respect factor in the skill and technique of the traditional canvas often reflects that is strengthened as the form of the artistic idea, even pushed to the extreme, the form language of canvas is paid close attention to. For example: Ignore color and mainly do the cubism of the free structure of physique; It is strong to pay attention to color
Wild animal doctrine of the balanced result in the state; Through using displaying the expressionism which twists the psychology unorderedly of color and brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy; Form nonobjectivism of the picture with the point, line, surface of color completely; And the abstract expressionism of getting rid of, splashing the pigment, hanging down and dripping on the canvas at will,etc.. The school of the western modern canvas has been numerous and complicated in the last hundred years, replace in succession, so long as regard tool material of canvas as model media, skill
The skill family can create the arbitrary oil picture looks.
With the constant enlargement of the artistic idea, lead to the fact the canvas material is combined with other materials, comprehensive art planted is drawn specifically to produced and does not belong to some one, the canvas moves towards losing as the trend that mainly draws the position planted in the west too.

Canvas (an oil painting; a painting in oils) With easy oil pharmaceutical ' Oil of flaxseed, opium poppy oil, walnut oil,etc.) Mediate pigment, in linen, cardboard or plank go on first picture kind that make. Diluent agent used while drawing a picture is to escort taking place turpentine oil and doing flaxseed oil,etc.. The pigment that the picture adheres to has stronger hardness, after it is dry for picture, can keep the gloss for a long time. The canvas is what has been drawn Westernly is mainly drawn kind.
Source and course
Originated from Europe 600 years ago, was invented by Dutchmans in about 15 centuries, mediated the pigment with the oil of linseed, draw a picture on the cloth or board dealt with, because does not change color after the oil colour is done, will not become dirty that many kinds of colors are mediated, painters can draw abundant, lifelike color. Oil colour opaque, cover strength to be strong, so can from dark to shallow at the painting, chase layer and cover, make painting produce the three-dimensional effect. The canvas creates the large-scale, great work like the epic suitably. Become western painting subject painting way of history, deposit western painting for generation works canvas works mainly now. The most mural paintings works are made in oil colour and way of creating too. On later stage of the 19th century, because of the development in science and technology, a lot of new materials were applied to the canvas field, for instance the pigment of propylene, paint etc..
Development history of the western canvas
The evolution of the canvas has gone through classical, modern, modern several periods, different canvas of period arrange with to restrain artistic thought of times from skill and technique, demonstrate different appearances.
The historical terms of the initial stage of development of canvas have established the inclination of writing or painting realistically of classical canvas. In the European Renaissance in the 15th century, the humanism thought starts from the criticism to the religion, pay close attention to society's realistic positive requirements, a lot of famous painters, in order to get rid of the single creation taking Christianity's classics as subject matter gradually, begin to observe the personage, scenery, article while living at that time and describe directly, make the works of the religious subject matter include and bring the obvious realistic common customs factor, some painters totally describe the outdoor scene of actual life. The painters of times of Renaissance have inherited the artistic ideas of Greece, Rome, pay attention to works want, describe a certain incident or fact, announce, meet accident piece or cause and effect of fact, then formed the typical plot of the plot and artistic tactics creating typical characters of paying attention to. Meanwhile, the painter still explores anatomy, light and shade function distributed of application, picture of perspecting learning in painting,etc. respectively, have formed the scientific principle of the model. The model of personage that the application of human anatomy enabled in painting has the accurate proportion, physique, structural relation like being true; The setting-up of the law of perspectivity of focus makes painting form the deep space of the illusion through the composition, the same that experience the vision in the directional twinkling of an eye in scenery and reality in the picture; The object that the light and shade law enables in the picture is under the light that a main light source emits in unison, form the clear level from the close-by examples to those far off. Artistic theme of humanism with pursue naturalistic model idea in draw kind can be complete while being other, it is because of the restriction of the tool material, and the canvas tool material performance is suitable for fully embodying the two. Therefore, what classical canvas becomes made for a long time, highly naturalistic appearance.
Result that classical canvas uses synthetically when on the whole is all language factors of an canvas altogether, but the artist of different country, different period especially pays attention to some one or several factors on this basis, have formed different styles. The Italian painters of times of Renaissance relatively pay attention to the application of the light and shade law, the dark department of the scenery shrouds in the shade in unison in the picture, the light and shade bounded line presents soft transition, brought up the picture centralizedly and the result completely. L.It is the representatives of this style to reach fragrant and strange " the Blessed Virgin Mary among the rock ". The Buddhist nun of the same period painter Deland portrays scenery each detail in the picture clearly, between the scenery is the difference of the color but not light and shade transition, three leaf sacrificial altars of R. Kangping present all scenery inside and outside the room carefully when being drawn and " impregnated and told ". Titian of Italy is the 1st painter who especially pay attention to the color expression of the canvas, he draws a picture on the dark bottom, and the daily lightness is close to, the bright color with slightly different charms forms splendid golden yellow tone, the replying pile many times of transparent pigment, suddenly thick, suddenly thin technique of writing, make color and physique fuse organically again, bring up the feel result.
It was the period that classical canvas of Europe develop rapidly in the 17th century, the painters of different areas, country, according to the social background of one's own life, national makings, carry on a different one dark to explore at canvas language, the kind of the canvas is divided into history drawing, religious story drawing, group portrait, personal portrait, landscape painting, still life, genre painting,etc. according to the subject matter. The skill and technique of the canvas is abundant day by day too, form various countries, school of every area.
2)The canvas of China appears in the inner and outer coffins utensil first, writes according to week literature such as the gift, Chinese book, China more than 2,000 years ago has been already useful " The oil " History of painting. Common statement 1581 year Lima sinus and God, the Blessed Virgin Mary look like reach China, having just begun the canvases of China, one of these " wooden beauty " Works, last 500 year, faintly visible picture wind simple and unsophisticated and heavy still.
In the period of Kang Xi, missionary Lang ShiNing, Pan TingZhang, ending to teach beginners etc. to enshrine and worship the inner court by painting, thus bring the western canvas skill and technique into the imperial palace; Yong Zheng, in the period of Qianlong, the capsule (full language is a servant) of the palace Receive assignments to learn the canvas from missionary, but has not left some traces to the emperor. The Opium War (1840-1842) breaks out by 1840, Chinese and Western culture is offended greatly, the folk picture workshop, drawing the hall and rising, have drawn the skill and has been also improved. But because status to draw worker humble at this moment, artistic appreciation too limited, make works of them fail high level to enter culture, form an independent new culture.
After the constitutional reform of reform of latter stage of Qing Dynasty, a lot of young students successively went to countries such as Great Britain, France, Japan,etc. to study the Western canvas, their China is as follows, Li TieFu, Feng Gang one hundred, Li YiShi, uncle Li and ( Enlarge a Master) The wind sleeps in the forest, Xu Beihong, Liu Haisu, Yan WenLiang, YuLiang Pan, often book swan, DaYu, Tang one standing grain, old to last one, imprison by good, the Yue Wang one, lasting continuous heavy rain, the Xing Xu one, Ni of day Wu in ¬l¡¢ when smoking huge
These people have brought advanced teaching method and idea in the west and Japan after returning to the homeland, if Western Zhou Xiang who returned to the homeland established the first fine arts school of China in 1911; Liu Haisu established the academic institute of picture of Shanghai in 1912, and reinstated the human model to paint from life for the first time; Mr. Cai Yuanpei who takes the post as the educational chief advocated running the first state-run fine arts school in 1919 --The fine arts school of Beijing, (headmaster the forest wind sleeps) ; In 1927, the central university opened the artistic department (Xu Beihong took the post as the director) ; Hangzhou establish first state-run art college that university make 1928 ' The wind sleeps and takes the post as the president in the forest) When.
This period is main three schools of painting are: Realist School ( Xu Beihong) ; New the schools of painting ' The wind sleeps in the forest, Liu Haisu) ; Modernist ( Smoke ¬l hugely) .
China in this period is exactly the times of the flames of war raging everywhere, there is no steady social environment, the oil painter drifts from place to place. National calamity right overhead, a lot of oil painter act as the weapon with painting, reflect the war, reveal the tyranny, for instance for Wang " Taierzhuang sanguinary battles old " when type is wide,the Tang one standing grain one "win and peace "," whip to put down you " of Qiao SiTu,etc.. Some painters go to minority areas such as the Northwest, southwest,etc. far because of war, create and produce and is " shouldered ink woman " ' Wu Zuoren) . "Kazak shepherd woman "( Dong XiWen) Wait for the fine piece of writing.
Yanan at this moment, the painter's picture wind has been influenced by " speaking at the forum on literature and art of Yanan ", inclined to literature and art as " workers, peasants and soldiers' service. "
And, formed China's standardized canvas gradually in Xu Beihong's just looks with the era at that time of realism.
In " new fine arts must be combined with the people " Influence of view under,unify the whole country realism, scenery, still life, personage,etc. the subject matters is treat coldly. This period was born a batch of revolutionary history is drawn, if a " opens the shackles " of Sichuan of moustache, king type wide" joins the army ", Luo Engineer " tunnel warfare ", Dong Xi gentle " founding ceremony ", " fly, take reed make bridge " of ZongJin Li of willow, Ai ZhongXin " cross the jokul " etc..
With expansion of mass movement, Chinese canvas enter " Su melt totally " Situation,by contract then it is proper last teaching systems single of canvases of our country for canvas teachings central rapidly teaching system Ke, have trained backbone of a batch of canvases. Hereafter, a group of oil painters were in " nationalization " Expansion of spirit go on, break through to single canvas system, form Luo Engineer willow " at Jing Gang-shan ", Li Hua lucky " Wen Cheng princess ", Yuan YunSheng's " land of rivers and lakes ", works such as Xu Jian white " old souvenir that ranks forefront ",etc..
In 1964, in " all regarded class struggle as the key link " Slogan under Lin Biao, Jiang Qing,etc. to carrying on world of literature and art there aren't of culture. Many painters' works are washed and plundered freely, Zhong Han's " prolongs on the bank of the river ", " advance among rapids " of Jian Du, Li Hua lucky " Wen Cheng princess ", " house " of Zheng Qin,etc. publicly expose and criticize so as to the unwarranted charge, and is totally destroyed.
On the other hand, canvas tool to build god, " Chairman Mao goes to Anyuan " acting as typical when becoming their, printing was up to more than 100 million at that time. At this moment, some young oil painters begin to show up prominently, whose name is for instance Chen DanQing, the Shen s luxuriant, Chen YiMing,etc.. The representative works are as follows, <>, " the Yellow River is praised ", " shed tears and have a bumper harvest in the field ", " I stand guard for the great motherland ",etc..
After the Culture Revolution, it is the opening period of the literature and art, will surge forward in pictures of different forms, the painting form becomes rich and varied too. Luo ZhongLi's " father " among them, Chen Dan blue and green " Tibet a series of paintings ", hear " daughter of earth ", Zhan Jian it " looks back to " to be fine piece of writing of period thising beautiful to set up roc. Until initial art gush one, the canvas has gone to a new crossroad again, China's painting circles needs urgently more modern, fresher air. TiLin, Jia Hu wash " Yang Jingyu general " among them, " loud her parent's home " of XiaoBai Su, works such as Yu XiaoFu's " I knock at the door gently ",etc., have done new open-up to theme painting under the kind consideration of contemporary consciousness.
However, though the confinement of culture has already been removed, for various reasons (mainly economical reason) ,Most painters' outlook and thinking have not been totally opened yet, in order to have a taste of various numerous and complicated and complicated changes in our times, therefore lack the real representative works. But after all, the canvas of China has already entered a new era at this moment, is studying, changing in quality, and abundant constantly.